I Like essays Essays - Economy, Energy, Business, Hydrocarbons

I Like essays 832 Words Short Essay on india and oil crisis By Kunal Jeet After the Fourth Arab-Israel War in October, 1973, the oil-producing Arab countries decided to use oil as a political weapon against countries like U.S A U.K., France, Germany, Holland, etc. which had been supporting Israel. This created a scarcity of oil in the world market. The price of crude oil, which in 1973 was only two dollars a barrel, increased to 30 dollars a barrel in 1974. This unprecedented price hike of oil made the financial position of a number of countries precarious and plunged them into economic crisis. The worst-hit countries were the advanced countries whose industries depended largely on oil. The use of oil in these countries was very high and extensive. They used it for generation of electricity and running their industries. They also used it for transport and air conditioning. Thus oil occupied a very important place in the economy of these countries. The oil crisis of 1974 not only affected the countries who were supporters of Israel but it also hit hard countries like India which had never supported Israel but had been friendly to the Arab cause. Before the oil crisis, India was spending only 11 per cent of her foreign exchange earnings on the import of oil but after the oil crisis, India had to spend nearly 65 per cent of its hard-earned foreign exchange on the import of oil. The plight of a country which spends of its foreign exchange earnings on the import of oil alone can be better imagined than described. In order to face the oil crisis, India decided to (i) curb consumption of petroleum products for non-essential uses, (ii) develop alternative sources of energy, and (iii) make all out efforts to attain self-sufficiency in oil by stepping up oil exploration activities on-shore and off-shore. In India, oil exploration began as early as in 1866. The Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) which was set up on 14th August, 1956, achieved its first success in 1960 when oil was struck at Ankleshwar in Gujarat. This was followed by the discovery of oil at Kalol in Guj arat and at Rudrasagar in Assam in 196 > and at Sanand in Gujarat in 1962. In 1970, ONGC started off-shore drilling-Its major breakthrough in offshore drilling was achieved in 1974 when oil was struck at Bombay High. In 1981, the Government of India set up the Oil India Ltd., another public sector undertaking for oil exploration in the country. In order to supplement the efforts of ONGC and OIL, the Government also invited foreign oil companies of repute to take up oil exploration in certain selected blocks in India. The petroleum industry in India has made headway only after Independence. Starting from a modest level of indigenous crude production of around 2.5 lakh tonnes and consumption of 31 lakh tonnes in 1950-51, crude oil production during 1993-1994 was 270.2 lakh tonnes, and the consumption level around 5.2 crore tonnes. India has at present 12 refineries, all in the public sector. During the year 2008-09, crude oil production has been 33.51 million metric tonnes (MMT) with natural gas at 32.85 billion cubic metre (BCM). Natural gas production in 2009-10 is targeted to be about 52.116 BCM. During the financial year 2008-09, imports of crude oil has been 128.16 MMTvaluedat US$73.97 billion. Imports of crude oil during 2007-08 was 121.67 MMT valued at US$ 58.98 billion. This marked an increase of 5.33 per cent during 2008-09 in quantity terms and increased by 25.37 per cent in value terms. During the financial year 2008-09, exports of petroleum products in quantity terms is 36.93 MMT value at US $ 25.41 billion marking an increase of 6.02 per cent in value terms compared to 2007-08. New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) provides an international class fiscal and contract framework for Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbons. In the first seven rounds of NELP spanning 2000-2009, Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) for 203 exploration blocks have been signed. Under NELP, 70 oil and gas discoveries have been made by private/joint venture (JV) companies in 20 blocks. With a view to accelerate further the pace of exploration, the eighth round of NELP was launched in April 2009. In the eighth round

Free Essays on Richard Buckminster Fuller

As one of America's engineers, inventors, designers, architects, writers, educators, philosophers, and poets, Richard Buckminster Fuller contributed much to America. He is most notable for his use of innovative technology in dealing with global problems against humanity. Fuller was born in Milton, Massachusetts on July 12, 1895. From 1913- 1915, he attended the prestigious Harvard University. In the early '20's, he helped his father-in-law develop the Stockade Building System. The Stockade produced lightweight, insulated, fireproof, and waterproof housing. Later, this company failed. As a result, Fuller searched for new ways to increase the social benefits from using the earth's energy and material resources. The Dymaxion Corporation, founded by Fuller in 1932, helped him to produce a variety of his innovative designs. For instance, his new innovative house was a doughnut shaped structure which hung from a central mast; he also invented a flat map which could be folded into a globe without too many distortions. In the years of 1947-1948, Fuller developed a "synergetic-energetic" system of geometry. It was an architectural consequence of a geodesic dome. A geodesic dome is a network of interconnected tetrahedrons which form a three-way hemispherical grid. The grid evenly distributes stress to all parts of the structure. This invention led to the mathematical study of space-spanning structures. The Ford Motor Company commissioned Fuller, in 1953, to design the Ford Rotunda Dome in Dearborn, Michigan. Also, he designed domes to house military radar. Fuller eventually developed his own philosophy: "I just invent. Then I wait until man comes around to needing what I've invented." In 1959, Fuller established the World Game research team while teaching at Southern Illinois University. This research team searched for ways to protect people and the earth. In 1972, 11 years before his death, Fuller... Free Essays on Richard Buckminster Fuller Free Essays on Richard Buckminster Fuller As one of America's engineers, inventors, designers, architects, writers, educators, philosophers, and poets, Richard Buckminster Fuller contributed much to America. He is most notable for his use of innovative technology in dealing with global problems against humanity. Fuller was born in Milton, Massachusetts on July 12, 1895. From 1913- 1915, he attended the prestigious Harvard University. In the early '20's, he helped his father-in-law develop the Stockade Building System. The Stockade produced lightweight, insulated, fireproof, and waterproof housing. Later, this company failed. As a result, Fuller searched for new ways to increase the social benefits from using the earth's energy and material resources. The Dymaxion Corporation, founded by Fuller in 1932, helped him to produce a variety of his innovative designs. For instance, his new innovative house was a doughnut shaped structure which hung from a central mast; he also invented a flat map which could be folded into a globe without too many distortions. In the years of 1947-1948, Fuller developed a "synergetic-energetic" system of geometry. It was an architectural consequence of a geodesic dome. A geodesic dome is a network of interconnected tetrahedrons which form a three-way hemispherical grid. The grid evenly distributes stress to all parts of the structure. This invention led to the mathematical study of space-spanning structures. The Ford Motor Company commissioned Fuller, in 1953, to design the Ford Rotunda Dome in Dearborn, Michigan. Also, he designed domes to house military radar. Fuller eventually developed his own philosophy: "I just invent. Then I wait until man comes around to needing what I've invented." In 1959, Fuller established the World Game research team while teaching at Southern Illinois University. This research team searched for ways to protect people and the earth. In 1972, 11 years before his death, Fuller...

Module 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 - Essay Example The story is about the son of a man who is a potential arsonist: setting barns on fire. This story is built of a number of characters including Abner the father, Sarty the son and the rest of the family: wife and daughters along with the people this family come in contact with. However, Faulkner uses Barn Burning to be a story that concentrates on the opinion of Sarty Snopes. Though this article is not written from the viewpoint of the character himself, there are certain moments throughout the story that divulge the reader with his emotions. With such a multitude of characters it is impossible for the reader to be unable to gain a true gist of what the story portrays. The concentration on Abner’s character allows a deep understanding of humanity and the instinct which compels each individual to develop an attachment to family. In Barn Burning, Abner is a dark influence on his young son. The protagonist forces his child to delve in a loyalty so deep, that injustice and sin are ignored in the process of protecting one’s own family. The story develops as Sarty begins to see the evil obstacle created by his father in his own growth. His constant belief that the father will change â€Å"Maybe he has done satisfied now, now that he has† However, in the end, the child is forced to give up his loyalty as a sense of righteousness sinks in. Though this confession leads to disastrous consequences, following the death of the very man Sarty has been ardently protecting, the judgment seems to shatter the young man who â€Å"He got up†¦.He did not look back.† Thus, Barn Burning is an evident portrayal of family and the human mind that delves to protect the sacred bond. It also shows the dire consequence that follows when this bond is broken. The Chrysanthemums is another story which concentrates on the importance of character to a story. In this story, the main subject of