Article Review Dealing With Bullies - 1639 Words

The article â€Å"Dealing with Bullies in Marriage -- And Divorce,† by Beth Kramer, is an examination of the often looked over topic of relationships with bullies. Beginning her article, Kramer illustrates ways one might identify bullying behaviour and the surface psychological characteristics that a bully might possess: however, Kramer’s main objective is detailing several options a spouse might take if one were to find him/herself in such a circumstance. By highlighting the words of Stacy Kaiser and Joseph Burgo, Kramer is able to piece together several ways to fight against the bully including: establishing boundaries, protecting one s children, and divorce. Though Kramer does well in summarizing her chosen topics she fails to include a myriad of other circumstances and types of bullying one might find in a marriage, as well as depth to her topics. She fails to argue the differences in severity, the ways one might change a bully s behaviour, and the difficulties of d ivorce. Kramer also displays a subtle bias against men in the marriage, as such, she fails to include the ways to identify a circumstance where men are being victimised as well as the problems that men face in custody battles for children. Dealing with bullies in a marriage as well as divorcing a bully is obstacle dealing with. Kramers essay failed to challenge the depths of identifying a bully s behaviour, divorcing a bully, protecting one’s children from a bully and the bias against male victims in society.Show MoreRelatedBullying in Schools Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesSchools: Every second and minute of the day a kid is bullied. Bullying is something that is not only happening here in the U.S. but all over the world. We need to put a stop to! As parents, school educators, and a community we need to stand up to bullies and give kids who are being bullied an outlet to reach out for help. According to No Bully.com bullying is defined as a form of repeated aggression that is directed by one or more people towards another person. One of the biggest problems facingRead MoreBullying in School1085 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract- Bully was once regarded on ordinary parts of growing up all the school change a lot though the years over time. The school is supposed to be a safe place and secure environment. There is an increase concern about recognizing, interviewing, to preventing bully within the school. What are we suppose to do about Bullying? To recognizing bullying is to identify type of bullying. First improve the lives strategies and intervolves both parties the victim and the bully. There are manyRead MoreAn Argument Of A Woman Surviving Abuse Over The Course Of 15 Years1586 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships. Domestic violence can be as simple as emotional abuse with words to something as severe as murder to murder suicide. For women who experience abuse in childhood or adulthood, the assumptions are that surviving includes seeking help. This article presents an exploratory study on the prevalence of victimization in the lives of Caucasian, African American, and Latina women, if and to whom they disclosed their victimization, and where they turned for services and support. The results indicateRead MoreCurrent Literature Regarding the History of Bullying Research1254 Words   |  6 Pagestheir careers .These numbers translate to millions of workers: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics 136 million Americans were employed in July 2008. An estimated 55 million Americans have been bullied at work using the 33% rate. This paper reviews the current literatur e regarding the history of bullying research, the factors associated, its consequences or effects, and various avenues for prevention and intervention. Workplace bullying is repeated, health-harming mistreatment that takes oneRead MorePeer Victimization And Academic Performance1550 Words   |  7 Pagesschool. In this research, I will discuss why students hesitate to tell a teacher if someone is bullying them or other peers. The research will support the teacher to teacher-student relationship. In addition, the research will demonstrate the role of a bully and how to prevent future social behaviors. Is bullying the norm in society? How will communities deal with the adverse reactions to treating people, who lack social behavior skills? I find this research helpful to find ways to treatment peers withRead MoreEssay about Successful Management of the Passive Aggressive Employee 1552 Words   |  7 PagesSource Review A critical factor in the management of people today is the ability to handle every challenging employee situation with the appropriate communication and actions. One of the most difficult types of employees to manage is the Passive-Aggressive who refuses to accept constructive feedback and tries to stir up discontent among other employees. In order to be successful in the management of the Passive Aggressive Employee, there has to be a planned approach, which includes effectiveRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : Behavior Modification1688 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavioral changes more effective and understandable. Exploring direct interactions from articles this paper will also discuss the benefits and barriers that one faces in dealing with behavior modification. Behavior Modification is an evidence based practice that can work to redefine, restore, or remove a wanted or unwanted behavior. The understanding of behavior modification expresses how various articles discuss the implementation of tools to deal with behaviors in certain settings, causingRead MoreThe Status Of Cyberbullying And Cyberbullying Prevention865 Words   |  4 Pages Review of the Status of Cyberbullying and Cyberbullying Prevention (2014), a scholarly article written by June Chisolm PhD, with the Department of Psychology at Pace University in New York, explores the effects of cyberbullying and the impact that it has on adolescents. The author first defined cyberbullying as â€Å"the intentional and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices† (pg.78). In recent studies, it was found that one in five youths willRead MoreFive Behavioral Disorders1323 Words   |  6 Pagestime and unnecessary energy, and as a consequence, teachers tend to tell students to not tell on each other. Actually, some schools go as far as banning â€Å"tattle-telling†, and teachers are uncertain about how to enforce the â€Å"no-telling† rules. An article entitled, â€Å" What to do About Tattling?† laid out four common reasons for why children tattle: Legitimate Concerns, Need for Information, Wish for Attention and Recognition, and Limited Problem Solving Skills. 1. Legitimate Concerns:  StudentsRead MoreHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Reveiw1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Dark Lord. Furthermore, I agree â€Å"Professor Albus Dumbledore †¦ wears his righteousness lightly, his baritone teasing out equal parts humor†¦,† and as secretive as the nuclear bomb. In the beginning of the movie, Professor Dumbledore has a plan dealing with Harry and doesn’t even announce until later into the movie. Few chapters before the underground cave scene, Dumbledore fills Harry in on what he discovered and wants Harry to more information on. Even Emma Watson’s character, Hermione Granger

Portrait of a Lady - 1737 Words

First written in the 1880s and extensively revised in 1908, The Portrait of a Lady is often considered to be Jamess greatest achievement. In it, he explored many of his most characteristic themes, including the conflict between American individualism and European social custom and the situation of Americans in Europe. James proclaimed that â€Å"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent reality.† Plot was for him but the extension of character. The novel must show rather than tell — he was interested in why people did as they did, rather than simply in what they did; motive was more important than deed. The observer of the dinner table and the drawing room, the country house and the salon, the library†¦show more content†¦But the narrative technique did not allow for it. So in the end The portrait of the Lady is finally not a modernist novel. There is no such a thing yet as the autonomy of the character; truly an exploration of a character’s psychological frame or mind, options. In a way Isabel remains emplotted by James. Like most of Jamess fiction of the 1870s, and the majority of his writing for the rest of his career, Portrait focuses on a group of expatriate Americans in England and Europe. Leisured, cultured, but just a bit bored, Daniel Touchett and his son Ralph are idly passing their time at Daniels country estate, Gardencourt, but find themselves reenergized when Daniels all but estranged wife, Lydia, brings with her to England her niece, a beautiful and enthusiastic orphan named Isabel Archer. Isabel is everything these men are not: lively, enthusiastic, and alert, she is a less flirtatious, more thoughtful version of Daisy Miller. But this American Girl, too, has the resistance to convention that both marks the type and makes its fate so problematic; when her Aunt Lydia reproaches her for staying up late to talk to Ralph and his friend, Lord Warburton, Isabel thanks her for informing her of the social prohibition but claims that she wants this knowledge only so as to choose whether to foll ow it. Despite, or perhaps because of, this very American insistence on freedom of choice, Isabel attracts one suitor after another: first Lord Warburton; thenShow MoreRelatedThe Portrait Of A Lady By Henry James870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Portrait of a Lady by Henry James is a heartfelt story about a naive American named Isabel Archer, who experienced love and heartbreak. â€Å"Pain s deep... but it passes, after all. It s passing now but love remains.† -Ralph Touchett. The main characters of this story are Isabel Archer, Ralph Touchett, Lord Warburton, Caspar Goodwood, Pansy Osmond, and Mr. Touchett. The time span was in the late 1860 s. The story starts at an old house in Florence. The book describes it as, â€Å"A long gabledRead More Henry James’ Portrait of a Lady Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesHenry James’ Portrait of a Lady On her long journey from Rome her mind had been given up to vagueness; she was unable to question the future. She performed this journey with sightless eyes and took little pleasure in the countries she traversed, decked out though they were in the richest freshness of spring. Her thoughts followed their course through other countries†¹strange-looking, dimly-lighted, pathless lands, in which there was no change of seasons, but only as it seemed, a perpetual drearinessRead MoreNonconformism In The Portrait Of A Lady By Henry James854 Words   |  4 Pagesfor their lives by society in order to maintain status and respect in their communities. In the 1800s, women were strivers to their husbands and family, and were set to devote themselves entirely to that cause. In his 1881 romance novel, The Portrait of a Lady, Henry James provides challenges the concept of female individuality in society through the protagonist, Isabel Archer, who emphasizes how miserable obeying the status quo makes her; Nevertheless, Archer ignores her innermost desires to pleaseRead More Comparing Innocence in Grendel, Neil Young and Portrait of a Lady1425 Words   |  6 PagesFall from Innocence in Grendel, Neil Young and Portrait of a Lady      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the Bible, God created man pure and innocent, oblivious to good and evil. The serpent of evil lured them to the tree of knowledge, however, and its fruit proved too much of a temptation. With a bite, their eyes... were opened, and the course of their lives, and the lives of mankind, were changed (Gen. 6-7, 22). Whether or not one accepts the Christian concept of creation, countless works of art are patternedRead More Comparing Faulkners Light in August and James Portrait of a Lady2862 Words   |  12 PagesComparing William Faulkners Light in August  and Henry James Portrait of a Lady Light in August   and Portrait of a Lady are two novels which embodies within them, life affirming morals. Authors like William Faulkner and Henry James possess the art of making the reader learn by experiencing for themselves.   William Faulkner uses the technique of introspection as well as by showing how characters and their actions can affect one another. Henry James also shows that a character’s actions and decisionsRead More Movie Essays - Jane Campions Film of Henry Jamess The Portrait of a Lady3966 Words   |  16 PagesJane Campions Film Version of Henry Jamess The Portrait of a Lady Jane Campions film version of Henry Jamess novel, The Portrait of a Lady, offers the viewer a sexually charged narrative of a young naive American girl in Victorian era Europe. Jamess novel focuses on what an exciting inward life may do for the person leading it even while it [a persons life] remains perfectly normal (James 54). James could not or would not place into his narrative the sexual thoughts, suggestions,Read MorePortrait Of A Lady By Khushwant Singh Chapter Summary CBSE Class XI XII CBSE Class 11 12 Study Materials Homework Help Extra Questions1287 Words   |  6 PagesMATHEMATICS PHYSICS Thursday, 4 July 2013 Popular Posts Portrait of a Lady by Khushwant Singh - Chapter Summary The Photograph by Shirley Toulson Chapter Summary Short Synopsis A photograph descries 3 stages. In the first stage, the photograph shows the poet s mother standing at the each enjoyi... Story in a Nutshell In this story, Khushwant Singh draws a pen picture of his grand mother. He describes how he had  spent  his childhood Portrait of a Lady by Khushwant Singh Chapter Summary with her in theRead MoreArt History Formal Analysis - Comparison1659 Words   |  7 PagesFormal Analysis Paper The pieces Ann Whitley Russell, done by an unknown artist in around 1820 and Lady Frances Knowles, also done by an unknown artist, in the mid-late 17th century are both examples of portraits that portray the sitters in diverse yet insightful ways to viewers. Both Ann Whitley Russell and Lady Frances Knowles are works of art composed of oil paint on canvas. Although these portraits are different, the aspects of space, color, and composition are all important elements that mustRead MoreExamine Eliots treatment of women in Prufrock, Preludes, Portrait of1365 Words   |  6 PagesExamine Eliot’s treatment of women in Prufrock, Preludes, Portrait of a Lady and Rhapsody on a Windy Night In all four of the poems; ‘Prufrock’, ‘Preludes’, ‘Portrait of a Lady’ and ‘Rhapsody on a Windy Night’, Eliot makes references to women. Eliot seems to treat women almost as objects to either be looked at with wonder and, at times, fascination or as objects to be scorned upon. In all of the poems Eliot makes the voice of the poem slightly distanced from the women and this, to me, makesRead MoreThe Lady With An Ermine1141 Words   |  5 PagesIn the first version, there was just a portrait of Cecilia, with no animal. In the second attempt, Leonardo included a small grey ermine. In the third and final version, a large white ermine replaced the grey ermine. This progress really shows why Leonardo da Vinci had so much trouble finishing his paintings. Also, originally the background was blue, but in 1800, Prince Adam Czartoryski bought the piece for Princess Izabella. She did not like the painting very much. â€Å"If it s a dog, it s a very

Marketization Collective Owned Rural Land â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marketization Collective Owned Rural Land? Answer: Introduction The report provides the Real estate agent licensing of the New South Wales. New South Wales is a densely place located on the east coast of the Australia, is an island where people from different places comes to visit such a beautiful place. Providing license to real estate agent for New South Wales will be a boom to the business industry of the Australia. It will add positive impact on the economic growth of Australia as more and more people would be willing to purchase homes in New South Wales. The place not developed, therefore by giving license to the agent for NSW, it open doors for more investment (Alev and Kalamees 2016). There is a brief description about NSW stock and station license unit. NSW stock and station license unit is to provide license for the stock market as well. Appraisal depends on the features of the property as well as on the agent. Firstly, there should be perfect professional appraiser who can give the individual the correct information regarding the licensing of the real estate agent.(Chabalala 2016). Professional appraiser gives information regarding the identification of proper quality of the various products requires building a house and the pricing factor (Cross et al. 2017). The report includes an information kit that includes the demand analysis and the trends for the real estate agent licensing unit additionally the stock and station license sector. It concludes by giving an analysis on the investment sector and the impact on the opportunities depending on the rental charges and cost of maintaining the property. Real estate agent licensing unit NSW real estate agent license defines the act as those people who want to run their business in terms of purchase and sale of land or else as an auctioneer of land. The auctioneer must keep a check on the land about the auction of land. The purchase and sale of land depends on this auction process only. It involves into an agreement through proper negotiation or interaction by making attractive offers for the purchase of the land. There should be complete information provided right from the introduction of a buyer or licensee of land to another agent or licensee for the real estate transaction. It also includes collection of rent payment in relation to property management service. Therefore, trading of land should be within a specified area of 20 hectares. It must contain residential premises in a rural area of the state. While in relation to NSW stock station license business, they have to perform livestock business transactions that include purchase and sale of livestock. It involves negotiating factor with an aim to accept an offer to enter into livestock business. The negotiation can be in the form of an agreement in relation to the livestock transactions. When an agreement made to enter into the trading of livestock business then at last the process of agistment take place in order to collect fees for livestock. There must be computer training and theoretical knowledge while applying for the licensing work. It must have approved qualification from recognized training organization along with approval statement for conducted auction of rural property and conducted sale by auction NSW stock and station license unit While in relation to NSW stock station license business, firstly, they have to perform livestock business transactions that include purchase and sale of livestock. Secondly, it involves negotiating with an agreement in order to accept an offer to enter into livestock business (Alev and Kalamees 2016). There must be proper computer training and theoretical knowledge while applying for the licensing work. It must have approved qualification from recognized training organization. There must be approval statement for conducted auction of rural property and conducted sale by auction. Work responsibilities There are few duties and responsibilities while working with NSW real estate. First, discussing the process of sales and create unique ways to present the property or the land. Analyze the current market price and provide them with less cost initially. Arrange the detailed list of lands available on rent or for sale. The seller or the agent must first understand the buyers requirements and then provide the details of lands according to the needs of the buyer. Then discuss in brief about the legal rules and regulation regarding the purchase of the land. On addition, give the seller, complete information regarding the insurance schemes and the benefit on the purchase of land. Functions of managing an agents responsibilities listed in this small summary. The very first function is to find out the suitable land or tenants. Then once tenants identified, the nest step is to get the complete legal documents assigned and verified. Then give the information regarding the bond with the office of the fair trading practice. The most important function is to arrange the required materials to repair the property or the land. There must be complete accurate list of records for the receipts of the raw materials and real estate records that is collection of rents. The land inspected properly and simultaneously it should handle the problem wisely and within the less span of time. Lastly, payment of rent at minimum price with agency fees to done by cheque facilities or else in the respective nominee bank account. Stock and station license unit Few function and roles performed by the agent of stock and station unit. First agent goes through the various market trends and their prices. Agent arranges the transport of stocks to sales yard. Then the seller takes the buyer for the inspection of the land, also to introduce the properties of land (Chambers 2014). The seller provides the accurate list of selection among livestock, stud stocks and commercial borrowings. To provide values and attributes of the livestock and giving advises on the various marketing options .Then arranging the auctioning process for the livestock. Then, process of clearing of sales for machinery and plant equipment performed by the agent. The agent provides the information regarding the management of the farming, agricultural and stock issues. They sell huge agricultural products and chemicals used in farming sector. It also involves writing business reports for maintaining the records. Finally, they also arrange finances for the purchase of livestock property. On addition to these functions, they also act as insurance agents in order to give insurance policy for the benefit of the buyer. There is an arrangement for private sales between the agent and buyer. There are various factors while appraising rural property in relation to industrialist, residential and commercial. In case of livestock, it can be like goats, beef, cattle, and horses. In case of crops, sunflower, oilseeds, fodder crops and various grains are the few types. In terms of horticulture, it can be apples, flowers, ornamentals, vegetables and nuts. Other can be residential factors. Specialist advices while appraising the rural property includes few points there must include some accurate information from various specialists like accountants, agronomist, farming consultants, commodity experts, engineers, bankers and financial institutions, real estate agents, taxation specialist, water consultants, livestock advisors, investment consultants and technical experts. Workplace project The report deals with the rural property of work place for New South Wales, Australia. It gives information regarding the market trends, investment criteria and demand factor of the real estate industry of work place. Employment sector in regions of NSW achieved growth rate of 4.9 percent in the year 2015, considered as the strongest employment regional state. The state had a stable growth in the employment sector that is why it is the largest position holder in terms of employment growth among the regions. The sate accounts for major demand for the services. It achieved profit because of growth in the service sector. NSW owes 51 percent of share of service sector in 2008 due to expansion in the work force sector; it rose to 57 percent in the present year. Demand analysis - Investors have huge opportunities it invests in new property as demand spread over the central coast, the mid junction between Sydney and new castle (Chabalala 2016). As Sydney is the capital state of NSW therefore, there will be growth in the surplus in 2017 -18. As there is continuity in the property industry of Sydney, there is also increase in the dividend sector from state that will help the New South Wales to gain strong surplus benefit in the future. The government of NSW made a business forecast that nearly $2.6 billion surplus to b earned by the NSW in 2018. The current year showed the growth of $4.5 billion in the surplus sector of the state. NSW will maintain its robust position in the market in the coming years. The state forecast that growth of the revenue sector would affect due to decrease in the growth of the share of national savings of goods and services tax revenue. Market report and trends Due to increase in the growth of the population and under construction of building led to the decline in the supply chain with respect to demand. Therefore, investors are facing issues during price hikes as it also creates tightening of the lending sectors by banking sectors. Work place at NSW will make the economy more competent in the year 2017 and the coming years. Recent budget introduces lower rates from next year for the creation of more jobs and small business. Various measures for the growth of the industrial sector at NSW will create more encouragement for job opportunities, employment growth. According to recent market trends, investment sector created $758 billion this year, whereas $96 billion supports for the strong business through jobs for New South Wales. As economy of NSW is in rapid growth; therefore, government of state should take initiatives in case of work force for the betterment of the NSW by taking economy to the next stage. The business transactions and conditions remain tough, competitive and tight, by creating more industries and work place, can boost up the economy of the country (Griffin et al. 2016). When there is low debt rate, government can increase the spending on infrastructure projects and in turn can create investment sector. Investment sector- With the rise in population of work force, government should provide specific investment plan and criteria in order for the creation and development of infrastructural sector at NSW. Investment largely depends on few key areas like demand of the consumer with respect to market scenario, price rates and the recent demand for the place. The population of the state has a mindset that price rates of property fluctuate with respect to market condition. Investment is dependent on the market and interest rates. When Banks increases the lending rates, few investors slowly shift away from the market. Investment takes place when there is less supply with on demand in the market. Overview of the rural property Rural property depends on economic factors and physical factors. Economic factors includes price of the land and other economic variables. Physical factors include climatic condition, topography, and type of soil and water availability (Guo-qing 2014). Rural land business depends on the overall rural economic impact that varies from region to region. Appraising rural property in terms of market analysis depends on comparative analysis on the other sale of lands and recent receipts of business scenario in the real estate. Comparison can be in the form of locality and the usage of rural property, date of valuation, physical attributes and title of the tenure. In terms of the first comparison factor, that is location and usage of rural property, therefore this feature depends largely on the selection process. If selected in more closely to the other land will get affect by same socio economic factors (Cross et al. 2017). They will share same amenities like transport, roads and shopping centers. Factors of comparative depend on the zoning of the land. The second factor deals with the date of valuation due to which market keeps on changing. With respect to market fluctuations, sale of land takes place. Third feature includes physical attributes and title of the tenure that depends on the selection of the location. Therefore, as there is same title of the tenure so physical attributes are same for both the tenures. Problems arise when there are covenants and easements. When sales prices are high and the buyer do not have adequate knowledge regarding the purchase of the land and the market rate then there will be forces selling of land. Appraisal of land includes like land value, building value, ancillary improvements, current depreciation charges for betterment, current rental returns and capitalization rate. Capitalization rate includes income-generating properties. Apart from market analysis, there is direct comparison also that means there is cross checking of the land rates with other similar land rates in terms of selling price, locality, cost of production and quality. An example to understand more precisely given with respect to above information. Suppose in relation to the purchase of a new land for the set up of office, there are few things to keep in check while building an office. Therefore, seller provides the detailed information regarding the land, the legal document to complete the formalities and the brief description regarding the stock and station license unit. The agent provides information regarding insurance of the office and the future of the employees working. The purchase and investment of land depends on few points like the comparative stage of the location in terms of available markets, other industries and offices, land quality, surroundings and the locality, soil quality and water availability(Zou, Zhao and Mason 2014). A good appraiser gives an idea on how to choose a comfortable and perfect site for building home (Lim et al. 2015). While purchasing the house, surroundings matters a lot means in terms of availability of market and other homes and families. Conclusion The report gives the statement on the appraisal of the real estate agent at New South Wales and its effect on the economy and the market. Rural property is a type of property created in an unorganized area. The report provided the detailed discussion on the overview of the rural property, its effect and the various trends. There are few roles and responsibilities while working with NSW real estate. It also gives a brief note on the function performed by the agent of stock and station unit. On addition, it gives the statement on the effect of investment pattern and market condition of the state. The report provides an information kit on workplace property with its impact on investment, demand analysis, market report and trends. It concludes by giving an example of an office as a rural property and additionally it provides various factors of appraisal of the property. References Alev, . and Kalamees, T., 2016. Evaluation of a technical survey and the renovation needs of old rural wooden houses in Estonia.Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal Valuation,5(3), pp.275-290. Chambers, R., 2014.Rural development: Putting the last first. Routledge. Chabalala, J.J., 2016.Participatory rural appraisal approaches, to improve public participation in South African EIA(Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa), Potchefstroom Campus). Cross, R., Baumber, A.P., Ampt, P.R., Metternicht, G. and Berry, E., 2017, July. Identifying opportunities for cross-property landholder collaboration for conservation and production. InInstitute of Australian Geographers Conference 2017. Guo-qing, H., 2014. Rural Houses of Adobe Structures Analysis and Research.Earthquake Resistant Engineering and Retrofitting,3, p.021 Griffin, T.W., Mark, T.B., Ferrell, S., Janzen, T., Ibendahl, G., Bennett, J.D., Maurer, J.L. and Shanoyan, A., 2016. Big Data Considerations for Rural Property Professionals.Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers, pp.167-180. Lim, J.H., Cho, E.J., Choi, S.M. and Kim, S.C., 2015. Analysis on Characteristics of Installing Environment for Improvement of Boundary Barriers in Rural Villages.Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning,21(1), pp.89-102. Zou, Y., Zhao, W. and Mason, R., 2014. Marketization of collective-owned rural land: A breakthrough in Shenzhen, China.Sustainability,6(12), pp.9114-9123.

Judicial Views about Polygamy

Introduction The discussion of Polygamy in America has caused a great judicial debate regarding its legal status. Now, with the changing societal perceptions regarding same-sex marriages, many people question the illegality of polygamy (Irwi, 2004).1 This chapter investigates the judicial background informing the illegality of polygamy and the circumstances that led to its prohibition, throughout all 50 states of America.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Judicial Views about Polygamy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To achieve this objective, this chapter proposes the contribution of the Utah wars, Morill anti-bigamy laws, Edmund Act, Edmund-tucker act, and Reynold vs. United States case as the main factors characterizing the judicial background of polygamy in America. Furthermore, this paper shows the legal position of American laws towards polygamy, and the contradiction that these laws have with religious free doms and individual liberties (Gallagher, 2006, p. 30).2 Judicial Background of Polygamy in America Utah War of 1857 – 1858 The Utah war was an armed conflict between the Mormon Church and the U.S government. This war lasted one year, and included civilian casualties from both side of the divide. Even though the war was protracted, it ended through a negotiated agreement between the government and the Mormon Church (Hafen, 1958).3 The then president, James Buchanan, started this conflict by sending America troops to Mormon territories to control a rebellion in the state of Utah (against the government’s position to ban polygamy) (Hafen, 1958).4 However, the war turned out to be a mistake by the Federal government, because it gave the Mormons a renewed drive to practice polygamy, at least without any judicial interference, or any interference from the Federal government. This happened because the government was widely criticized for its attack on Utah, especially becaus e they had not properly ascertained accusations that the state was rebelling against the government (Danver, 2011, p. 383).5Advertising Looking for thesis on family law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Observers also criticized Buchanan for failing to notify Utah’s governor about the intention of the Federal government to attack the citizens of Utah. These criticisms prompted the government to leave Mormons alone. Indeed, as will be seen from the Morill Anti-bigamy law, the Utah wars of 1857 and 1858 gave Utah a renewed judicial will to practice polygamy. Morill Anti-Bigamy Act President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morill Anti-bigamy Act after the Utah wars of 1857 and 1858 (Gallagher, 2006).6 Here, it is critical to note that the Mormon debate, and the willingness of prospective presidents to criminalize polygamy, characterized the American presidential elections of the mid and late 1800s. Lincoln rose to power on this promise. Indeed, the failure of President Buchanan to introduce a lasting solution to polygamy gave the new president, Abraham Lincoln, the opportunity to find a lasting solution (legally) to polygamy in America. His remedy was the Morill Anti-bigamy Act. However, since the failure of the Utah wars gave Mormons a fresh will to fight any attempts (legally) at constraining their religious right to practice polygamy, President Lincoln willingly failed to enforce anti-polygamy laws in Utah (Gallagher, 2006).7 The lack of law enforcement was a tactical move by Abraham Lincoln to exempt Utah from abiding by anti-polygamy laws, in exchange for Utah’s loyalty to the Federal government during the American civil war. Consequently, the American commanding officer for the Federal government received instructions to refrain from confronting Mormons regarding their practice of polygamy (even though the Morill law was in force) (Gregory, 2011).8 From the government’s unwillingness to enforce (fully) anti-polygamy laws, it is easy to see how the Utah war affected subsequent applications of anti-polygamy laws in America. Nonetheless, Lincoln signed the Morill act into law in 1862 to provide a judicial background for the enforcement of anti-polygamy laws in America. Through the Morill law, the government intended to control the spread of polygamy in the state of Utah. However, the Morrill anti-bigamy law experienced subsequent modifications when the Edmund Act came into force in 1882.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Judicial Views about Polygamy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Edmund Act Edmund act (also known as the Edmund’s anti-polygamy Act) sought to make any acts of polygamy in America a felony against the Federal government (Norgren, 2006).9 This law also criminalized bigamy and unlawful cohabitation between men and women as a misdemeanor against the laws of America. This second provision intended to overcome the legal hurdle against the implementation of the Morill act, which experienced challenges from the burden of proving that a polygamous marriage had actually occurred. Indeed, most polygamous marriages occurred secretively and without any legal document to show its existence. The execution of this law occurred hurriedly as a reaction to the perceived immorality that polygamy introduced to the American society (Norgren, 2006).10 The Edmund act not only reinforced the Morill Act, but also introduced firm penalties to anybody found practicing polygamy (when convicted, offenders would lose their right to vote and their right to run for political office). The main challenge affecting the applicability of this law stemmed from its contradiction with the ex post facto law, which sought to protect the right of polygamists who practiced polygamy before the act came into force (Arrington, 1992).11 However, in a Supreme Court ruling in the Murphy vs. Ramsey cas e of 1885, the court ruled that the law punished polygamists for practicing polygamy after the enforcement of the anti-polygamy law, and not for their practice of polygamy before the applicability of the law. Therefore, the state penalized the continued wrongful cohabitation of polygamous couples after the law came into force (Arrington, 1992).12 The government enforced the Edmund Act indiscriminately because it prosecuted people not only for practicing polygamy, but also for subscribing to polygamous beliefs of the Mormon Church. In fact, the enforcement of the Edmund Act was so firm that all elected officers in the state (Utah) left office, so people could check them for their stand on polygamy, before they resumed office.Advertising Looking for thesis on family law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Several prosecutions occurred under the Edmund Act. In fact, the government estimates that it prosecuted more than 1,300 men under this act (Arrington, 1992).13 Most victims were polygamous men, because the society perceived women as victims of this practice. However, the government arrested and detained polygamous women who refused to testify against their husbands. Edmund–Tucker Act The government introduced the Edmund-Tucker Act in 1887 to respond to a judicial dispute between the Mormon Church and the US federal government (concerning the practice of polygamy within the Mormon Church) (Norgren, 2006).14 Congressman Tucker and Senator Edmund introduced the act. Both sponsors proposed that the government should impose a penalty of $500 to $800 on anybody found to be practicing polygamy (Norgren, 2006).15 Both sponsors also criticized the Mormon Church for fostering polygamy in America as a religious practice. From this statement, the Edmund-Tucker Act gave the federal gover nment a reason to seize the assets of the LDS church (worth over $50,000) (Arrington, 1992).16 The government later assigned these assets for use in public schools around Utah. U.S marshals and their deputies implemented this law. According to the provisions of the Edmund act, prospective voters and public officials had to denounce polygamy. Moreover, the act required prospective voters, jurors, and public officials to take an oath against polygamy before they continued their public service duties (Arrington, 1992).17 The Edmund-Tucker act also cancelled any laws allowing children born from polygamous unions to inherit property (Arrington, 1992).18 Finally, the act also required all civil unions to have a certificate, so that the prosecution of polygamous unions eased. This law changed the spousal privilege act to eliminate the protection of polygamous wives from testifying against their husbands. To improve the enforcement of anti-polygamy laws, the Edmund-Tucker act paved the way for the appointment of federal judges to hear polygamy cases, instead of local judges (who were sympathetic to polygamists). This law led to the abolishment of the office of territorial superintendant (in the education system) to pave way for a federally funded office that controlled school activities within Mormon strongholds. This move aimed at having an accurate assessment of the number of Mormon school going children (Norgren, 2006).19 The government repealed the Edmund-Tucker act in late 1978. Reynold vs. United States A fundamentalist Mormon (George Reynolds) filed The Reynold vs. United States case in 1878 (Johnson, 1948).20 Reynold claimed that the state should not prosecute him for practicing bigamy because it was his religious right to marry multiple partners. He also claimed that the testimony of one of his wife could not be admissible in court because it was under another indictment. The state had earlier arrested him for marrying a second wife, Amelia Jane Scofield, whi le he was already married to another woman (Mary Ann) (Johnson, 1948).21 This case introduced a special argument in the American justice system, because it questioned the government’s commitment to protect the religious rights and freedoms of the American people. The US Supreme Court however, ruled that Reynold’s religious right was not a defence against the state’s law that criminalized polygamy. A background of the acknowledgement that the federal government could not introduce a new law that contravened the first amendment informed this ruling. However, the court also said that anti-bigamy laws did not classify under laws that prohibited the first amendment to the American Constitution, or the freedom to exercise religious practices. The court used a letter from Thomas Jefferson to justify its ruling regarding the existence of a clear distinction between religious beliefs and practices that stem from such beliefs (Johnson, 1948).22 The Court also ruled that r eligious beliefs were between man and God; therefore, the court could not intervene in such agreements. However, actions arising from such beliefs (polygamy) were under the court’s jurisdiction, because it involved the relationship between two or more people. The court therefore believed that it had the jurisdiction over actions, and not the opinions held by religious people (Johnson, 1948).23 It should however, be understood that at the time of the ruling, fundamental Mormons believed that the growing trend by the federal government to pass laws prohibiting polygamy was a legal interference against the first amendment to the American Constitution, which gave them the right to practice their religious rights. Because most Mormons believed so, they freely chose to ignore the Morill anti-bigamy act that criminalized their polygamous practices. Even as the Mormons felt victimized by the state, the government was still exploring ways of strengthening the already existing laws to criminalize bigamy in America. Therefore, Reynold’s petition was untimely, because the government was strengthening its commitment to criminalize all forms of polygamy. From this background, the court indicted Reynold for bigamy and sentenced him to two years imprisonment, with a fine of $500, as stipulated by the law (Johnson, 1948).24 This ruling stood as a precedent for the criminalization of polygamy in America. Legal Position towards Fundamental Mormon Polygamy The legal position of the U.S federal government towards polygamy has been unfavorable to Mormons. Since the signing of the Morill Anti-bigamy law, the U.S federal government has been unforgivable in criminalizing polygamy, and all its forms. The subsequent signing of the Edmund Act, and the Edmund-Tucker Act, supported this commitment. The presence of these laws has put the Mormon faith at crossroads with the government, and the American society, regarding their religious practices and the consequences of not fol lowing the law. The Mormons have had a choice to abandon polygamy, or continue with the practice and face the law. To date, many Mormons have abandoned the practice and aligned their religious practices with mainstream American beliefs regarding marriage (monogamy). However, a cross-section of the Mormon faith still practices polygamy, although in small proportions. America’s legal position towards polygamy has however not changed. Polygamy is still illegal in the United States and those practicing it, do so illegally. However, it is equally important to note that polygamy has gained a significant level of social acceptance among fundamental Mormons in America. Many factors (including the changing societal perceptions regarding the practice, and the legalization of same sex marriages in some American states, such as, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, and Massachusetts) fuel its acceptance. Despite the existence of anti-polygamy laws, the states of Utah and Colorado have had a long histo ry of condoning polygamy, so long as it is not public (Danver, 2011).25 The minimal convictions and commitment by the US government to arrest polygamous partners support the underground acceptance of polygamy within some states of the US. This minimal government commitment to arrest polygamists stem from the presence of tens of thousands polygamists in the U.S, who continue the practice without any strong legal consequences. For example, within the two states mentioned above (Utah and Colorado), only two arrests have occurred within the last decade (although thousands of people practice polygamy within the two states) (Danver, 2011).26 In fact, the arrests of these two polygamous people only occurred because they openly advocated for polygamy. They therefore seemed a nuisance to the society, and an embarrassment to the state government. If the two polygamists never openly campaigned for polygamy, the government would not have arrested them. In 2008, the Texas government also raided a fundamentalist Mormon church in the state (Danver, 2011).27 However, they only did so because they suspected that forceful marriages of underage girls (to older men) occurred within the church. If it was adults practicing polygamy (with no children involved), there would be very little state involvement (despite the illegality of polygamy in America). The government therefore uses the law selectively (in extreme cases of polygamy, and only when polygamy gives way to social ills, such as, marrying underage girls). Anti-polygamy laws therefore exist because it is politically right to have them (because majority of Americans still do not fully accept polygamy). Moreover, if the government removes them, there would be a public outcry. Unlike past decades when the government was very vocal about the practice of polygamy in the Mormon faith, the government has recently taken a backseat in the implementation of anti-polygamy laws. Instead, only polygamous acts considered highly immoral b y the American society (such as the marriage of underage girls) are subject to prosecution. The legal position of the American government towards polygamy in the Mormon Church has therefore stabilized in the recent years, because there have been fewer attacks on polygamists recently. The government’s position regarding the dominance of polygamy in some Mormon sects has therefore been lukewarm because it only acts when polygamists become ‘too loud’ or engage in forceful marriages (considered unacceptable by the society). Otherwise, the government does not concern itself much with polygamists who foster the practice in secrecy. In other words, when adults (with no history of child abuse or neglect) practice polygamy, the government rarely gets involved in such unions. This is the reason polygamy has found its way to American media. Now, polygamous shows are part of mainstream American television, such as, HBO’s Big Love and TLC’s Sister Wives. Contrad ictions in the Application Polygamy Laws Contradiction with Religious Laws The willingness of Americans to accept diverse views regarding different social issues inform America’s legal and social fabric. This diversity is widely enshrined in America’s basic freedoms and rights. One basic freedom is the freedom of religion because the law grants Americans the right to practice whatever religion they chose, so long as these freedoms do not infringe on the rights of other people. Broadly, proponents of polygamy have advanced the practice as a religious freedom. According to the First Amendment of the American constitution, the law should protect such a right. The exception to this rule manifests when polygamy infringes on the rights of other people. However, polygamy seldom infringes on other peoples’ right. Therefore, it is difficult to find the right legal justification why the American law does not protect polygamy as a religious right. So far, anti-polygamy law s in America have taken a social dynamic instead of a legal one. In other words, American laws banning polygamy seem to represent the societal view towards polygamy as opposed to the legal view towards the same. Therefore, while polygamy remains a religious right, the law fails to protect it as so. The contradictions in the application of polygamy laws in America stem from its clash with religious doctrines, and the foundations that form the American society (Hitchcock, 2008).28 Many Americans are Christians. Christianity does not criminalize polygamy the way the American law does. In fact, many polygamous men in the bible were loyal servants of God. David and Solomon are just a few examples of polygamous men in the bible. Spector (2011)29 says that it is a common religious practice among Christians to pay attention to religious teachings (first) before they pay attention to the ‘laws of man’. This is the main problem that has faced the government’s will to imple ment anti-polygamy laws in America (because they face religious opposition from the Mormon Church and the few Christians who believe in Polygamy as a fundamental religious teaching from the Bible’s Old Testament). In fact, this opposition informs the Mormon belief that they hold the religious right to practice polygamy. Apart from the Christian opposition to the application of anti-polygamy laws, the contradictions between the government’s law and Islamic laws governing polygamy clash too (Hagerty, 2008, p. 1).30 The conflict between Islamic laws regarding polygamy (and the government’s law regarding the same) has been largely unexplored by many researchers (despite the continued practice of polygamy within the Muslim population living in America). In fact, there has been minimal government involvement in the practice of polygamy within the Muslim population. Islamic laws allow men to have up to four wives. It is therefore within their religious right to be poly gamous. However, the American law criminalizes any form of marriage after a man marries only one woman. This contradiction shows the clash between government laws and Islamic laws, worldwide. In fact, after reviewing the religious practices surrounding the application of polygamy in America, no other religion restricts the number of women a man may marry (besides Islam). In fact, Judaism and Hinduism also do not restrict the number of wives a man may have. However, there is no agreement regarding the way Muslims practice polygamy. Some cohabit with more than one wife (in the same house), while others cohabit with many wives in different households. Since many Islamic laws do not seek the legal recognition of their polygamous marriages, it is difficult for the government to prosecute such polygamists. Nonetheless, from the religious freedoms given to Christian, Islamic, Hindu, and other religious groups, there is a sharp contradiction between American anti-polygamy laws and religious laws (Hagerty, 2008).31 Protection of Individual Liberties Another contradiction that undermines the application of the anti-polygamy law is the Supreme Court decision of 2003, in Lawrence vs. Texas (Ihara, 2008, p. 6).32 Lawrence brought this case to the Supreme Court to question the legality of homosexual relations in Texas. The court ruled that Texas had no authority to dictate the private relationships of its citizens, or the way Americans chose to live their lives. In this regard, the Supreme Court struck down all sodomy laws in Texas and gave unprecedented freedom to its people to practice whatever private unions they wanted. This ruling also said that the 14th Amendment to the American Constitution protected consensual sexual conduct of American citizens. The government therefore had no right to dictate how its citizens should live their private lives. Previous court rulings that sought to undermine the liberties and freedoms of Americans were undermined by this ruling becau se the Supreme Court ruled that they were formulated using a narrow understanding of the liberties and freedoms enjoyed by the American population (Ihara, 2008).33 The above ruling was a landmark ruling in America because it symbolized a great milestone in the advancement of individual liberties. Moreover, many gay right activists considered the ruling a great milestone in the advancement of gay rights (Gallagher, 2006, p. 27).34 Since the court made this ruling, Americans have enjoyed unprecedented freedoms in their lifestyle choices and private relationships. Practically, the Lawrence vs. Texas ruling made it impossible for the state to continue using the criminal code to define the private relationships of American citizens. Indeed, in the past, the American government had extensively used the criminal code to dictate even the most private and intimate relationships of the American people. From the above developments regarding the protection of American civil liberties and rights , there has been a growing trend for the court to protect private relationships. This development has given new ammunition for polygamists to demand equal protection by the government. The reluctance to grant polygamous unions the same consideration that same sex marriages have (to legalize, or not?), creates a contradiction in the application of anti-polygamy laws, and the protection of individual liberties. The biggest question that arises in this regard is why the American justice system seems to safeguard selective individual liberties, while criminalizing others. Naturally, if the courts protect same-sex marriages as legal marital unions (in some states), polygamy should also receive the same treatment because it is also a marital union that consenting adults choose to engage in (Gallagher, 2006, p. 27).35 Conclusion The inconsistencies in the application of anti-polygamy laws in America are obvious. Most of these inconsistencies were nonexistent during the initial criminalizat ion of polygamy by the American federal government. However, advancements in the protection of American individual liberties (and the changing societal perceptions regarding private relationships) created these inconsistencies (Gallagher, 2006, p. 30).36 Comprehensively, there is a trend within the American judicial system to safeguard most American individual liberties. Unfortunately, this trend protects these liberties selectively because polygamy does not receive this judicial protection. Irwi (2004)37 says that the initial reference and attachment of polygamy with same sex marriage is responsible for this neglect because critics of same sex marriages used polygamy as an argument against the legalization of same sex marriages. Therefore, American civil organizations refrain from justifying the initial fear of its critics that the possible legalization of same sex marriages would lead to the legalization of polygamous unions. In this regard, the law continues to neglect polygamy. All 50 states of America therefore still criminalize the union. References Arrington, L. (1992). The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints.  Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Danver, S. (2011). Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American  History: An Encyclopedia. New York: ABC-CLIO. Gallagher, E. (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Gregory, J. (2011). SkinHead Girl: Based on a True Story. New York: Author House. Hafen, L. (1958). Mormon Resistance: A Documentary Account of the Utah  Expedition, 1857-1858. New York: U of Nebraska Press. Hagerty, B. (2008). Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy. Web. Hitchcock, J. (2008). The Supreme Court and Religion in American Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ihara, T. (2008). Living Together: A Legal Guide for Unmarried Couples. New York: Nolo. Irwin, M. (2004). Women and Gender in the American West: Jensen-Mille r Prize  Essays from the Coalition for Western Women’s History. New York: UNM Press. Johnson, A. (1948). Separation of Church and State in the United States. Minnesota: U of Minnesota Press. Norgren, J. (2006). American Cultural Pluralism and Law. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Spector, J. (2011). Seeming Contradictions: Polygamy (Plural Marriage). Web. Footnotes 1 Michael, Irwin. (2004). Women and Gender in the American West: Jensen-Miller Prize Essays from the Coalition for Western Women’s History. New York: UNM Press. 2 Eugine, Gallagher. (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. 3 Leroy, Hafen. (1958). Mormon Resistance: A Documentary Account of the Utah  Expedition, 1857-1858. New York: U of Nebraska Press. 4 Hafen, 1958. 5 Steven, Danver. (2011). Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia. New York: ABC-CLIO. 6 Gallagher, 2006. 7 Ibid. 8 John, Greg ory. (2011). SkinHead Girl: Based on a True Story. New York: Author House. 9 Jill, Norgren. (2006). American Cultural Pluralism and Law. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. 10 Norgren, 2006. 11 Leornard, Arrington. (1992). The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 12 Arrington, 1992. 13 Ibid. 14 Norgren, 2006. 15 Ibid. 16 Arrington, 1992. 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Norgren, 2006. 20 Alvin, Johnson. (1948). Separation of Church and State in the United States. Minnesota: U of Minnesota Press. 21 Johnson, 1948. 22 Ibid. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid. 25 Danver, 2011. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 James, Hitchcock. (2008). The Supreme Court and Religion in American Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 29 Jeff, Spector. (2011). Seeming Contradictions: Polygamy (Plural Marriage). 30 Barbara, Hagerty. (2008). Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy. 31 Hagerty, 2008. 32 Toni, Ihara. (2008). Living Together: A Legal Guide for Unmarried Couples. New York: Nolo. 33 Ihara, 2008. 34 Gallagher, 2006. 35 Gallagher, 2006. 36 Gallagher, 2006. 37 Irwi, 2004. This thesis on Judicial Views about Polygamy was written and submitted by user Nolan Newton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

I Like essays Essays - Economy, Energy, Business, Hydrocarbons

I Like essays 832 Words Short Essay on india and oil crisis By Kunal Jeet After the Fourth Arab-Israel War in October, 1973, the oil-producing Arab countries decided to use oil as a political weapon against countries like U.S A U.K., France, Germany, Holland, etc. which had been supporting Israel. This created a scarcity of oil in the world market. The price of crude oil, which in 1973 was only two dollars a barrel, increased to 30 dollars a barrel in 1974. This unprecedented price hike of oil made the financial position of a number of countries precarious and plunged them into economic crisis. The worst-hit countries were the advanced countries whose industries depended largely on oil. The use of oil in these countries was very high and extensive. They used it for generation of electricity and running their industries. They also used it for transport and air conditioning. Thus oil occupied a very important place in the economy of these countries. The oil crisis of 1974 not only affected the countries who were supporters of Israel but it also hit hard countries like India which had never supported Israel but had been friendly to the Arab cause. Before the oil crisis, India was spending only 11 per cent of her foreign exchange earnings on the import of oil but after the oil crisis, India had to spend nearly 65 per cent of its hard-earned foreign exchange on the import of oil. The plight of a country which spends of its foreign exchange earnings on the import of oil alone can be better imagined than described. In order to face the oil crisis, India decided to (i) curb consumption of petroleum products for non-essential uses, (ii) develop alternative sources of energy, and (iii) make all out efforts to attain self-sufficiency in oil by stepping up oil exploration activities on-shore and off-shore. In India, oil exploration began as early as in 1866. The Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) which was set up on 14th August, 1956, achieved its first success in 1960 when oil was struck at Ankleshwar in Gujarat. This was followed by the discovery of oil at Kalol in Guj arat and at Rudrasagar in Assam in 196 > and at Sanand in Gujarat in 1962. In 1970, ONGC started off-shore drilling-Its major breakthrough in offshore drilling was achieved in 1974 when oil was struck at Bombay High. In 1981, the Government of India set up the Oil India Ltd., another public sector undertaking for oil exploration in the country. In order to supplement the efforts of ONGC and OIL, the Government also invited foreign oil companies of repute to take up oil exploration in certain selected blocks in India. The petroleum industry in India has made headway only after Independence. Starting from a modest level of indigenous crude production of around 2.5 lakh tonnes and consumption of 31 lakh tonnes in 1950-51, crude oil production during 1993-1994 was 270.2 lakh tonnes, and the consumption level around 5.2 crore tonnes. India has at present 12 refineries, all in the public sector. During the year 2008-09, crude oil production has been 33.51 million metric tonnes (MMT) with natural gas at 32.85 billion cubic metre (BCM). Natural gas production in 2009-10 is targeted to be about 52.116 BCM. During the financial year 2008-09, imports of crude oil has been 128.16 MMTvaluedat US$73.97 billion. Imports of crude oil during 2007-08 was 121.67 MMT valued at US$ 58.98 billion. This marked an increase of 5.33 per cent during 2008-09 in quantity terms and increased by 25.37 per cent in value terms. During the financial year 2008-09, exports of petroleum products in quantity terms is 36.93 MMT value at US $ 25.41 billion marking an increase of 6.02 per cent in value terms compared to 2007-08. New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) provides an international class fiscal and contract framework for Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbons. In the first seven rounds of NELP spanning 2000-2009, Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) for 203 exploration blocks have been signed. Under NELP, 70 oil and gas discoveries have been made by private/joint venture (JV) companies in 20 blocks. With a view to accelerate further the pace of exploration, the eighth round of NELP was launched in April 2009. In the eighth round

Free Essays on Richard Buckminster Fuller

As one of America's engineers, inventors, designers, architects, writers, educators, philosophers, and poets, Richard Buckminster Fuller contributed much to America. He is most notable for his use of innovative technology in dealing with global problems against humanity. Fuller was born in Milton, Massachusetts on July 12, 1895. From 1913- 1915, he attended the prestigious Harvard University. In the early '20's, he helped his father-in-law develop the Stockade Building System. The Stockade produced lightweight, insulated, fireproof, and waterproof housing. Later, this company failed. As a result, Fuller searched for new ways to increase the social benefits from using the earth's energy and material resources. The Dymaxion Corporation, founded by Fuller in 1932, helped him to produce a variety of his innovative designs. For instance, his new innovative house was a doughnut shaped structure which hung from a central mast; he also invented a flat map which could be folded into a globe without too many distortions. In the years of 1947-1948, Fuller developed a "synergetic-energetic" system of geometry. It was an architectural consequence of a geodesic dome. A geodesic dome is a network of interconnected tetrahedrons which form a three-way hemispherical grid. The grid evenly distributes stress to all parts of the structure. This invention led to the mathematical study of space-spanning structures. The Ford Motor Company commissioned Fuller, in 1953, to design the Ford Rotunda Dome in Dearborn, Michigan. Also, he designed domes to house military radar. Fuller eventually developed his own philosophy: "I just invent. Then I wait until man comes around to needing what I've invented." In 1959, Fuller established the World Game research team while teaching at Southern Illinois University. This research team searched for ways to protect people and the earth. In 1972, 11 years before his death, Fuller... Free Essays on Richard Buckminster Fuller Free Essays on Richard Buckminster Fuller As one of America's engineers, inventors, designers, architects, writers, educators, philosophers, and poets, Richard Buckminster Fuller contributed much to America. He is most notable for his use of innovative technology in dealing with global problems against humanity. Fuller was born in Milton, Massachusetts on July 12, 1895. From 1913- 1915, he attended the prestigious Harvard University. In the early '20's, he helped his father-in-law develop the Stockade Building System. The Stockade produced lightweight, insulated, fireproof, and waterproof housing. Later, this company failed. As a result, Fuller searched for new ways to increase the social benefits from using the earth's energy and material resources. The Dymaxion Corporation, founded by Fuller in 1932, helped him to produce a variety of his innovative designs. For instance, his new innovative house was a doughnut shaped structure which hung from a central mast; he also invented a flat map which could be folded into a globe without too many distortions. In the years of 1947-1948, Fuller developed a "synergetic-energetic" system of geometry. It was an architectural consequence of a geodesic dome. A geodesic dome is a network of interconnected tetrahedrons which form a three-way hemispherical grid. The grid evenly distributes stress to all parts of the structure. This invention led to the mathematical study of space-spanning structures. The Ford Motor Company commissioned Fuller, in 1953, to design the Ford Rotunda Dome in Dearborn, Michigan. Also, he designed domes to house military radar. Fuller eventually developed his own philosophy: "I just invent. Then I wait until man comes around to needing what I've invented." In 1959, Fuller established the World Game research team while teaching at Southern Illinois University. This research team searched for ways to protect people and the earth. In 1972, 11 years before his death, Fuller...

Module 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 3 - Essay Example The story is about the son of a man who is a potential arsonist: setting barns on fire. This story is built of a number of characters including Abner the father, Sarty the son and the rest of the family: wife and daughters along with the people this family come in contact with. However, Faulkner uses Barn Burning to be a story that concentrates on the opinion of Sarty Snopes. Though this article is not written from the viewpoint of the character himself, there are certain moments throughout the story that divulge the reader with his emotions. With such a multitude of characters it is impossible for the reader to be unable to gain a true gist of what the story portrays. The concentration on Abner’s character allows a deep understanding of humanity and the instinct which compels each individual to develop an attachment to family. In Barn Burning, Abner is a dark influence on his young son. The protagonist forces his child to delve in a loyalty so deep, that injustice and sin are ignored in the process of protecting one’s own family. The story develops as Sarty begins to see the evil obstacle created by his father in his own growth. His constant belief that the father will change â€Å"Maybe he has done satisfied now, now that he has† However, in the end, the child is forced to give up his loyalty as a sense of righteousness sinks in. Though this confession leads to disastrous consequences, following the death of the very man Sarty has been ardently protecting, the judgment seems to shatter the young man who â€Å"He got up†¦.He did not look back.† Thus, Barn Burning is an evident portrayal of family and the human mind that delves to protect the sacred bond. It also shows the dire consequence that follows when this bond is broken. The Chrysanthemums is another story which concentrates on the importance of character to a story. In this story, the main subject of